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Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-twentieth century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last century.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the twentieth century, and that natural phenomena such as solar varition and volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect afterward.These basic conclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies and academies of science including all of the national academies of science of themajor industrialized countries.

Climate model projections summarized in the latest IPCC report indicate that global surface temperature will likely rise a further1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the twenty-first century.The uncertainty in this estimate arises from the use of models with differing climate sensitivity, and the use of differing estimates of future greenhouse gas emissions. Some other uncertainties include how warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the globe. Most studies focus on the period up to 2100. However, warming is expected to continue beyond 2100, even if emissions stop, because of the large heat capacity of the oceans and the long lifetime of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Increasing global temperature will cause sea level to rise and will change the amount and pattern of precipitation likely including expansion of subtropical desert. The continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice is expected, with the Artic region being particularly affected. Other likely effects include shrinkage of theAmazon Rainforestand Boreal Forest, increases in the intensity ofextreme weather events,species extenction and changes inagricultural yields.

Political and public debate continues regarding the appropriate response to global warming. The available options are mitigation to reduce further emissions; adaptation to reduce the damage caused by warming; and, more speculatively, geoengineering to reverse global warming. Most Natinal goverments have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.